Fútbol – Noticias hoy y resultados de Liga, Champions

Biotechnology and the world of colours have always been intertwined. Nature’s hues and tints are captured in their natural or synthetic state in a variety of market products. The flower markets of natural blood-red roses and gene-designed blue roses recently released in Japan are apt examples.

To-date notwithstanding the awe-inspiring snip and tuck techniques of genetic engineering, the legendary ‘Black Tulip’ of French author Alexander Dumas still remains the ‘Holy Grail of the Tulip world’. Several types from ‘Tulip Queen of Night’ (1944) to T.’Black Hero’ (1984) constitute ‘the category of the ‘blackest of the officially ‘purple’ tulips’.

Nature’s wealth of colours have inspired celebrity painters and poets —French-born Hillarie Belloc describes in verse the morphology of The Microbe with its ‘seven tufted tails with lots of pink and purple spots.’; and schoolchildren to explore the microbial world through the ‘looking-glass’ of Winogradsky’s column with its purple and green bands —consortia of the green and purple photosynthetic bacteria. Blue-green cyanobacteria contribute to the economy of Nature’s important biogeochemical Cycles-the nitrogen cycle.

The Red Sea may derive its colour and name from the red-cyanobacterium — Trichodesmium erythraeum, but the destruction of numerous fish is due to the Red Tide population of the plant-like red-brown dinoflagellates. Pigments help classify the brown, yellow, red and green algae; and protozoa and yeasts such as Euglena and Pichia. Nature’s colour artistry occurs throughout the biospectrum incorporating interalia green and purple bacteria, antibiotic-producing species of Streptomyces and Nocardia, fungi that color cheeses, blue-green anoles, rainbow papaya and trout, and green fluorescent proteins responsible for the coloration of diverse corals and anemones. Green, yellow, orange-red and purple-blue chromoproteins are the raison d’etre of fabled reef colours varying in the spectrum of daylight conditions.

Verily, Nature’s palette of pigments and paints underscores the need of bioresources centres to capture, classify and conserve the planet’s biotreasury lest extinction result from benign neglect and commercial exploitation.

‘Biomimicry…… is a new science that studies nature’s best ideas and then imitates these designs and processes to solve human problems. ……Organisms use two methods to create colour without paint: internal pigments and the structural colour that makes tropical butterflies, peacocks, and hummingbirds so gorgeous. A peacock is a completely brown bird. Its «colours» result from light scattering off regularly spaced melanin rods, and interference effects through thin layers of keratin (the same stuff as your fingernails).’

New military clothing uses fluorescent colours, biosensors and bioinformatics at the nano-level to mimic natural phenomena of biomimicry and chameleonic colours. Geofabrics coloured for appropriate use contribute to landscape and urban management — conservation of golf courses and park-lawns, and safeguarding creative and aesthetic instinct of humankind is embedded in of soil embankments and floral gardens.

The clean and green technologies. The first biodegradable green credit card was issued in 1997. ‘Coral proteins put on the red light’ in marine waters, and coloured glow fish function as indicators of pollution in aquatic reservoirs. Colours used in biotextile grafts make attractive and acceptable use of bioceramic materials in dentistry, medicine orthopaedics, tissue engineering and veterinary science.

Genetic research has contributed to understanding human eye and skin colour. The genesis of coat colours of cats, dogs, rabbits, ponies, etc. has been deciphered. The head colour of birds too. Coat colour alleles are used to produce sublines of mice for studies concerning ageing, cancer, cardiovascular, neurobiological and reproductive biology. The Big Blue mouse is used to research cancer and neurodegenerative disease. Yellow mice help localize gene mutations on specific chromosomes.Custom-made mice — the albino, cream, brown and black models are research keys studying tumour biology. Indeed, ‘the ability to follow coat colours’ requires ‘no complicated tools such as molecular genotyping’ in ‘the breeding and maintenance of mutant strains.’

Colours inspire, motivate and uplift humankind. Clinics and psychological facilities use soothing colours to aid convalescents. Colours exist in sports too. Winners express a sense of national achievement and pride in draping themselves in their national flags. In EURO 2004 – soccer and biopsychology met. To enhance local psychobiological advantage and patriotism the coach of the home team requested fans ‘to wear something red or green’ their national colours ‘toface the orange shirts’ of their opponents’ in a qualifying match.

Corporate biotech is engaged in ‘chasing the rainbow.’ Former Vice-President Al Gore envisioned the ‘pot of gold at the end of the biotechnology rainbow.’ Entrepreneurs, however, focus their quest ‘somewhere over the genetic rainbow’. UN policy-makers use colour-codes in combating, and designing solutions to problems of hunger and poverty. The UN Economic Commission for Africa in 2002 described ‘Realizing the Promise of Green Biotechnology for the Poor’ and ‘Tackling the Diseases of Poverty through Red Biotechnology’ —technologies that involve using genetically-engineered mosquitoes with the potential to eradicate malaria; and gene modified foods —golden rice and orange bananas, enriched with vitamin A to counteract the onset of blindness.

‘Ethical challenges of green biotechnology for developing countries’ arise, and, ‘whether transgenic plants should carry distinguishing markers, such as distinguishing colours, so that they can be identified and not intermixed with other plants of the same species’ is under review for use in regulatory work. In space biology research, transgenic plants using blue and green colours are being developed as biosensors to indicate presence of certain kinds of stress.

Nutritionists talk of a rainbow diet rich in micronutrients and vitamins that make food naturally attractive and appetizing for a ‘good feel’status. Traditional medicine recommends eating naturally coloured foods possessing natural phytonutrients in their skin ingredients. A judicious choice of red (meat), green (salads), yellow (cereals and fruits) and violet (vegetables) foods contributes to the sustenance of long-term good health in combating artificial diabetes and obesity. Blue cheese and black truffles are delicacies without added food colorants; and supermarkets may soon offer carrots in red and purple with the orange variety. ‘Research into different coloured carrots is not about making a fashion statement but about potential health improvements’.

In agro-trade, traffic-colours of amber and green define policies that distort trade of certain commodities. Amber box policies signify ‘caution’ relating to ‘price supports, marketing loans and subsidies, and livestock quantities’. Green box policies cover ‘research, pest and disease control, and crop insurance and conservation programs’. Blue box policies –a temporary WTO category that accommodates transatlantic negotiations, are ‘redefined amber box policies concerning production limiting programs’.

Biotechnologies described in colours spotlight salient aspects of research for economic development. The Cordia-EuropaBio Convention 2003 in Vienna in ‘Blue Biotechnology – Exploitation of Marine Resources’ focused on the ‘Ocean of Opportunities’ for sustaining development through rational use of marine bioresources. Europe’s catalytic role in ‘Green Biotechnology in Africa’ resides in collaborative biotech education, research, development, and market ventures.

In January 2004, a European Commission meeting at the Biosciences ‘Technology Facility’, University of York, UK, recognized that any ‘biotechnology platform, developing bio-based products would have to be a concerted marriage of the ‘White’ together with the ‘Green’ and ‘Blue’ biotechnology sectors’. Unlocking of bottlenecks could be achieved through programmes utilizing ‘the synergies between green, white and blue biotechnologies.’

In 2005, the 12th European Biotechnology Congress will use 4 biotech motors: white (industrial); red (pharmaceutical), green (food and feed) and blue (environment) in ‘Bringing Genomes to Life’ in Denmark.

The use of colour codes is seemingly the lingua franca of science policy in Germany. Sixty percent of the 253 biotechnological firms with some 43,000 employees in a survey by Hessen’s Ministry of Economy were specializing in red biotechnology (diagnosis and treatment of diseases); 4% were specializing in green biotechnology (agriculture, food production); and, 1% was in grey biotechnology (pure industrial processes with an environmental nuance). In Baden-Württemberg, over half of the biotech companies excel in red biotechnology with smaller numbers in the grey and green sectors. German market studies emphasize the white and red biotechnologies. Red biotechnology accounts for some 86% of all biotech companies. Green biotechnology with 27% is followed by grey biotechnology with 10%.

In the USA, a 5 colour-coded security system from green (low) through blue (guarded), yellow (elevated), and orange (high) to red (severe) has been decreed. Adoption of protective and self-defense responses involves all levels of vigilance and preparedness to combat and neutralize the threats of terrorism and those of bioterrorism that aim at destruction of that country’s security and its peoples. Colour alert systems for air pollution (USA) and inclement weather (Mozambique) are indicators of time available for precautionary action by people susceptible to asthmatic and respiratory diseases as well as in offsetting loss of life and bioeconomic resources.

In satire, a ‘five (colour) level Mad Cow alert’ exists. The alert levels range from eating cow parts (green) through limited beef consumption (blue) and exercise of planned protective measures (yellow) to symptomatic mooing and chewing of the cud (orange) to a switch to fermented food – tofu (red).

Using colours to describe biotechnology constitutes a new mechanism in:

– attracting school children to the microbial world in different environments;

– teaching biotechnology in graduate and medical schools; and

– providing sound bytes for use by non-technical policy-makers promoting the biotech powerhouse for sustainable development.

Dr. R. Colwell, Director, US National Foundation at a US-EC Biotech meeting in 2003 said: «If we could weave a Flag of Biotechnology, some say, it would feature three colours: red for medical applications, green for agricultural and white for industrial. In fact this flag may accrue even more colours over time as environmental and marine biotech and other applications add their stripes’.

In that context, the colour index below may be a useful guide with further additions as biotechnology and colours intertwine over time in promoting public perception and understanding of biotech applications for the cause of science, development, and the current and post human future of humankind.

Color Type Area of Biotech Activities

Red – Health, Medical, Diagnostics

Yellow – Food Biotechnology, Nutrition Science

Blue – Aquaculture, Coastal and Marine Biotech

Green – Agricultural, Environmental Biotechnology – Biofuels, Biofertilizers, Bioremediation, Geomicrobiology

Brown – Arid Zone and Desert Biotechnology

Dark – Bioterrorism, Biowarfare, Biocrimes, Anticrop warfare

Purple – Patents, Publications, Inventions, IPRs

White – Gene-based Bioindustries

Gold – Bioinformatics, Nanobiotechnology

Grey – Classical Fermentation and Bioprocess Technology

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1. Cuba- Drugs & Scandals

Unfortunately, Cuba is already a nightmare in the Olympic Movement. Why? Since 1964, Cuba has produced athletes with a huge superiority complex and strong anti-American feeling. They have showed this anti-Olympic feeling many times. Angel Volodia Matos Fuentes, a Cuban taekwondo athlete, is the only athlete in the Olympic history that has hit a referee. This sportsman kicked a referee in the face after he lost a match at the 2008 Olympics. «We didn’t expect anything like what you have witnessed to occur. I’m at a loss for words. This is an insult to the Olympic vision, an insult to the spirit of taekwondo and, in my opinion, an insult to mankind», said Yang Jin-suk (World Taekwondo Federation secretary). Angel won a gold medal at the Summer Olympic Games in 2000.

In Atlanta in 1996, the Cuban’s women’s volleyball team quarreled with the Brazilian team during the semi-finals. This is why Regla Radameris Torres Herrera, who has received several offers to become a top fashion model in Italy, was suspended and could not play for several months. Cuban players of women’s volleyball are famous for their aggressiveness against rivals.

Cuba’s Javier Sotomayor Sanabria will be remembered as one of the worst examples in the world sports community. In 1988, Prensa Latina -Cuban news agency- announced that in its annual poll of sportswriters Javier Sotomayor was named «Cuban Athlete of the Year». He beat out Felix Savon (boxing), Jorge Fis (Judo), and Ana Fidelia Quirot (track & field). Javier, known as «Soto», was one of the most successful athletes in the history of the Cuban Revolution.

On September 8, 1988, Javier -whose country had boycotted the Summer Olympics in 1988- set a world record in the high jump. A year later he set another world record (2.45 m / 8′ 1/2″). Under the direction of Jose Godoy, a Soviet-educated professor, he won almost all his competitions in the 1990s.

In 2001, Javier Sotomayor, in one of a series of exhibitions tournaments, tested positive for a muscle-building steroid. «The decision to let him compete again is like a hit in my face», said Arne Ljungqvist (vice president of the IAAF).Two years ago, Javier also had tested positive for drugs at the 1999 Pan American Games in Winnipeg (Canada). However, he had been exonerated by the Cuban Olympic Committee. Furthermore, Fidel Castro Ruz -Cuba’s dictator- denied that Javier had taken cocaine. In an article in Granma (Communist party daily), Javier said » I’m innocent. I have only seen that substance in the movies. I´m the victim of maneuver, a dirty trick».

Unlike Ben Johnson and Linford Christie, Javier received a special treatment by the IAAF. He was banned by the IAAF for only 11 months. Thanks to this, Javier Sotomayor could compete at the 2000 Olympics, where he won a silver medal. Three European countries, Norway, Finland and Denmark, criticized this controversial decision. «If you test positive and get suspended, you shouldn’t get a reduced sentence just because you’re a famous track athlete», said Patrick Sjoberg, a former world record holder in men’s high jump.

2. Myanmar- Sports & Dictatorships

Olympic sport can unify a country like Myanmar -an Asian country which has many ethnic conflicts. However, it -pop. 52 million- has one of the world’s worst Olympic teams. In the last fifty years, three dictatorships have destroyed the Olympic spirit in this land of friendly people. For unknown reasons, Myanmar did not compete at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Canada. In 1980, Sue Khin finished in 47th place in the marathon at the Moscow Summer Games. Four years later, Myanmar -it officially changed its name from Burma in 1989- sent 1 athlete (boxer) to Los Angeles (USA). In 1996, Myanmar was represented by only 3 athletes (athletics and shooting).

At the 2006 Asian Games in Qatar, Myanmar finished 27th in the unofficial team standings (behind China, Bahrain, Hong Kong, Mongolia, Jordan, Lebanon, etc). In an interview, Khin Maung Lwin, secretary of the Myanmese Olympic Committee, said «Our NOC has worked in close collaboration with the respective national sports federations to make all the necessary preparations for participation in Doha 2006. We have selected the athletes who showed their best form and achieved top results from that 23rd SEA Games for the 15th Asian Games Doha 2006. As a founding member of the Asian Games Federation in 1949 and the Olympic Council of Asia, we believe the Asian Games is a very important tool for the development of the youth of Asia and for the promotion of international respect, friendly and goodwill…»

3. Albania – Enver Hoxha’s Legacy

What is the reason why Albania does not produce world-class athletes? Albania is well-known for its indifference to sports. It is one of the few European countries that have not Olympic champions. Albania was one of the most unsuccessful countries at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the People’s Republic of China.

Like Mao Tse-tung (Chinese dictator, 1949-1976) and Pol Pot (Cambodian tyrant, 1975-1979), Enver Hoxha did not support friendly relations with the International Olympic Committee. From 1950 to 1985, Enver Hoxha -one of the bloodiest dictators of the 20th century- gained a reputation as an anti-Olympic leader in the world. During his Maoist dictatorship, Albania boycotted seven Olympic Games (Rome ’60, Tokyo ’64, Mexico City ’68, Montreal ’76, Moscow ’80, Los Angeles ’84, Seoul ’88), seven Mediterranean Games (Beirut ’59, Naples ’63, Tunis ’67, Izmir ’71, Algiers ’75, Split ’79, Casablanca ’83) and other international events (Winter Games, World University Games, World championships, European tournaments). In 1985, two weightlifters had defected to Yugoslavia (currently Serbia).

Since 1991, the new government does not have interest in sports and recreation. This European nation is losing its best athletes, who are choosing to live abroad, and not returning to Albania. Many Greeks athletes have Albanian descent: Leonidas Sampani (weightlifting), Sawa Lika (track and field), Pyrro Dimas (weightlifting / Olympic champion, 1992, 1996, 2000), Mirela Manjani (athletics). At the World Championships in 2003, Mirela won a gold medal. Albania has been a member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) since 1959.

4.Taiwan is not Ethiopia

Who was the last world-class athlete of Taiwan? Her name: Chi Cheng (1959-1972). This Olympic ambassador has been called «the Eastern Flying antelope». At the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, in October, she, who studied and trained in California, won a bronze medal in the 80 meter low hurdles. Two years later, she broken the world records in the 100m (11,00 seconds) and 200m (22,44 seconds) in July 1970, but she failed in the Olympic Games in 1972. Unexpectedly, she had an injury. Chi Cheng was the favorite to win the gold medal in the 200m. To prepare for the Munich Games, she competed in Asia, Europe and the United States. In 1972, she announced that she was retiring from athletics. In 1971, she was elected «World Athlete of the Year» by the Associated Press. In this election, she beat Edson Arantes do Nascimento, one of the greatest athletes of all time. Since 1972, Taiwan continues to celebrate Chi Cheng’s world records.

Unfortunately, Taiwan can not produce world-class athletes.

This Asian country -also known as ROC, Chinese Taipei, Republic of China on Taiwan or Free China- has 10,000 stadiums, 1,850 swimming pools, 1,420 tennis courts, 14,252 sports parks, more than 762 gymnasiums, nearly 9,100 basketball and handball courts, and 87 cycling tracks. With more than double the budget of Jamaica, Ethiopia and North Korea, Taiwan only has won two gold medals (1960-2008). At the 1996 Games, Chinese-Taipei sent 71 athletes and won one silver medal (tennis table).

They have not learnt the experience of South Korea, whose athletes have won 85 gold medals-its best unconventional diplomacy in the world. A good example for a country which does not have full diplomatic relations with 180 nations. Chinese Taipei -one of the developing world’s most successful democracies- is only recognized by 23 countries: Belize, Burkina Faso, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Gambia, Guatemala, Holy See, Haiti, Honduras, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Nicaragua, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Saint Kitts & Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Sao Tome & Principe, Swaziland, Tuvalu.

5. Iceland- A country without Olympic Champions

Iceland – a nation in the North Atlantic near the Arctic Circle- has never won an Olympic medal in the Winter Games. It is one of the oldest Olympic countries in the world (IOC member since 1921). Ranked by the United Nations as one of the richest countries in the world, Iceland has several sports facilities- indoor stadiums, winter Olympic arenas, sports parks and swimming pools. Many people can not believe that one of the richest nations in Europe can not win a winter Olympic medal. Unlike Iceland, Liechtenstein -an area the size of District of Columbia- has won two Olympic titles and 58 World championships. Iceland -it is slightly larger than South Korea- took part in 15 editions of the Winter Games between 1948 and 2006. Glíma, a traditional wrestling, is the national sport of Iceland.

References

-Agacino, Ricardo. «30 años», Cuba Internacional, Habana, diciembre de 1988

-Almanaque Deportivo Mundial 1976, editorial America, Panama,

1976 – «Castro defends fighter facing ban», The Miami Herald, August 26 2008

-Encyclopaedia Britannica Book of the Year: 1977, 1981, 1984, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago

-The World Almanac and Book of Facts: 1975-2007, The World Almanac Books, New York

-Guevara Onofre, Alejandro. Enciclopedia Mundototal, editorial San Marcos, Lima, 1999

——–«La silenciosa caída del deporte cubano» (The silent fall of the Cuban sport ). Lima, 5 de septiembre del 2005

-Human Development Reports: 1996-2007

-Martinez Perez , Pedro. «Desarrollo deportivo en Cuba», Granma, Habana, 28 de mayo de 1978

-The Republic of China Yearbook. Taiwan 2002

-Urbano, Fernando.»Del Batos a Montreal», Cuba Internacional, Habana, junio de 1978

——«Derecho al deporte», Cuba Internacional, Habana, julio de 1976

-2004 Athens Official Report Volume 1, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, 2005

-2000 Sydney Official Report Volume 2, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, 2001

-1984 Los Angeles Official Report Volume 2, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, 1985

-1980 Moscow Official Report Volume 2, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, 1981

-1976 Montreal Official Report Volume 1, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, 1977

Did you know…

Romanian national women’s volleyball team qualified for the 1980 Olympic Games.

Nadia Elena Comaneci is one of the symbols of the 1970s. Romania’s Nadia was the best athlete at the 1976 Montreal Summer Olympic Games. Nadia was 14 years old when she won three Olympic gold medals in Montreal’76. Nadia had also made history when she became the first Olympic gymnast to score a perfect ten points (unven bars). Her distinction was the most important moment in the Games. Anita Verschoth, who is a sportswriter, wrote: «She stunned the judges as well as the crowd not only with double somersaults and twists but also with an uncommon consistency and stability even in her most difficult moves. She displayed an unflappable confidence and more stamina and strength than seemed possible for a body as apparently frail as hers. When the competition was over, everybody was talking about Comaneci. She had put an emphatie end to the classical style, with its emphasis on maturity and ladylike grace». Four years later, she won 2 gold medals at the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow (Soviet Union). The following year Nadia won several medals at the1981Summer World University Games in Bucharest. Nadia was born on November 12, 1961 in Onesti, Romania.

This European country won two gold medals at the 1999 IAAF World Track and Field Championships in Seville (Spain ).

The most popular sports in Romania are soccer, handball, gymnastics, aquatics, tennis, volleyball, basketball, water polo, shooting, boxing and athletics.

Dinamo Bucharest was one of the most famous handball clubs in the world. This club won many international tournaments in Europe. Other popular clubs were Stiinta Bucharest (European champion), Uni Timisora, Rapid Bucharest (Continental champio ), Steaua Bucharest (European champion)…

Romania sent 63 athletes to the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.

Bucharest hosted the 1981 World University Games. More than 2,900 athletes from 86 countries competed in 10 sports. Romania had many winners: Emilian Nicula, Kurt Szilier, Dan Odorhean, Nadia Comaneci, Emilia Eberle , Doina Melinte, Florenta Craciunescu-Tacu and Carmen Bonaciu.

This European country participated in the Francophonie Games in 2001.

Romania won the gold medal in water polo in the World University Games in 1977.

The best Olympic athletes are: Nadia Comaneci (gymnastics), Viorica Viscopoleanu (long jump/ track & field/ Olympic champion, 1968), Lia Manoliu (discus throw /athletics/ gold medalist, 1968), Iolanda Balas (high jump /athletics/ gold medalist, 1960 & 1964), Mihaela Penes (javelin throw/ world champion/ Tokyo 1964), Ivan Patzaichin (kayak / world champion/ Mexico City 1968), Ion Drimba (fencing/ Olympic champion/ Mexico City 1968), Nicolae Martinescu (wrestling/ world champion/ Munich 1972), Corneliu Ion (rapid-fire pisto/ shooting/ Moscow 1980), Sanda Toma (single sculls/ rowing/ Moscow 1980), Doina Melinte (800m/ track & field/ Los Angeles 1984), Maricica Puica (3,000m/ athletics/ Los Angeles 1984), Ekaterina Szabo (floor exercises/ gymnastics/ Los Angeles 1984), Simona Pauca (balance beam/ gymnastics/ Los Angeles 1984), Paula Ivan (1, 500m/ track & field/ Seoul 1988), Daniela Silivas (asymmetrical bars/ gymnastics/ Seoul 1988), Sorin Babii (free pistol/ shooting/ Seoul 1988), Lavinia Milosovici (floor exercises/ gymnastics/ Barcelona 1992), Elisabeta Lipa (single sculls/ rowing/ Barcelona 1992), Laura Badea (foil individual/ fencing/ Atlanta 1996), Simona Amanar (side horse vault/ gymnastics/ Atlanta 1996), Gabriela Szabo (5,00m/ athletics/ Sydney 2000), Mihai Claudiu Covaliu (sabre individual/ fencing/ Sydney 2000), Dina Monacu (100m & 200m backstroke/ swimming/ Sydney 2000), Marius Urzica (pommeled horse/ gymnastics/ Sydney 2000), Camelia Potec (200m freestyle/ aquatics/ Athens 2004), Catalina Ponor (floor exercise/ gymnastics/ Athens 2004)…

This European country won the gold medal at the 1970 World Women’s Handball Championships in Amsterdam (Holland).

Elisabeta Lipa was the flag bearer of the Romanian Olympic team at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Greece.

Bucharest hosted the World Women’s Handball Championships in 1962. Final standings:

1.Romania

2.Denmark

3.Czechoslovakia

From 1924 to 2004, Romania -former socialist republic- has won 283 Olympic medals (82 golds, 88 silvers, 113 bronzes). Unlike Bulgaria, Cuba, North Korea, Poland, Vietnam, Hungary and Ethiopia, Romania did not boycott the Olympic Games in 1984. This European country sent 127 athletes to the Olympic Games in the United States.

Hosts………………..Gold……Silver… Bronze…Total….Ranking

Paris-1924……………0………..0…………1…………1……….23

Berlin-1936…………..0………..1…………0…………1………25

Helsinki-1952……….1……….1…………2…………4………23

Melbourne-1956……5……….3…………5………..13………9

Rome-1960…………..3……….1…………6………..10……..11

Tokyo-1964……………2………4…………6…………12…….14

Mexico-1968………….4………6…………5…………15…….12

Munich-1972…………3………6…………7…………16…….13

Montreal-1976………4………9……….14…………27………9

Moscow-1980………6……….6………13…………25………7

Los Angeles-84…..20…….16……..17…………53………2

Seoul-1988…………..7……..11……….6…………24………8

Barcelona-92……….4………..6……….8…………18…….14

Atlanta-1996…………4……….7……….9…………20……..14

Sydney-2000………11……….6……….9…………26……..11

Athens-2004………..8……….5………..6…………19……..14