National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Lighting Requirements

Before any stadium or arena can play host to collegiate tournament games in the United States, there are standards set by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) that must be met. Part of the standards includes the lighting of games on the basis of the venue and the sport that is being telecast. Some requirements for some games are treated below.

Basketball

According to NCAA, all lamps for basketball games must have a standard color temperature of 3,600 degrees Kelvin and a lowest color rendering index of 65. But since the venues used for the NCAA Division I tournament are different, where field houses, NBA arenas and domed football stadiums are used, the lighting requirements are not the same. Field houses with the capacity of seating about 10,000 spectators require 125 foot-candles per square foot. NBA arenas with seating capacities of between 15,000 and 20,000 require 200 while domed stadiums that can seat about 70,000 spectators require 250.

Football

The major determinant of lighting requirements for NCAA football games is television coverage. Non-televised games require 50 foot-candles of light while games for regional broadcast require 75. If a game will be broadcast for national audience, the lighting requirement is 100 while 125 is required for championship games.

Hockey

Televised standard college hockey games are lit up by 100 foot-candles but Division I’s Frozen Four and championships of lower divisions require 125.

Lacrosse and Soccer

Since lacrosse matches are commonly played on soccer fields, the lighting conditions are the same. For a standard game, 50 foot-candles of lighting is required, 75 for a regional broadcast, 100 for a national broadcast and 125 for championship games.

Baseball and Softball

These two games also use the same field which makes their lighting requirements to be the same. For standard games, the infield must be lit by 70 foot-candles and 50 for the outfield. Games that will be broadcast regionally and nationally require 100 for the base paths and 70 for the outfield grass. For the duration of championship rounds, the field requires 125 in the infield and 100 in the outfield.

Wrestling, Boxing and Volleyball

These three games use 80 foot-candles for every standard and regional broadcast, 100 for national broadcast and 125 for championships.

Swimming and Water Polo

These two games require 50 foot-candles for standard matches or meets, 75 for regional broadcasts, 100 for national broadcasts and 125 for championships.

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Other Brands Have Sex Appeal Too

Back when I was 11, I used to think that, thanks to J.J.B. Sports, the only sports brands that existed were Adidas, Nike and Reebok. Not true. Andy Murray sports Fred Perry, the Welsh rugby team play in Under Armor and Portsmouth F.C. wear Canterbury kits. The truth is that this completely fictional, holy trinity of brands has now been superseded by a new generation of sports clothing.

For me this became apparent in 2005. I was on my way to a tennis match when on Radio 2 came a program about the rise of the word «chav». Described by Urban Dictionary as «fag in one hand, jewellery in the other», they wonder around housing estates in «imitation Adidas tracksuits». This is further complemented on television shows like Channel 4’s Shameless, and thanks to characters like Mickey Maguire the identity of the tracksuit being an an innocent staple of 1980’s football, the tracksuit has become, with the right person, responsible for crimes against others as well as fashion.

Today the blandest one-piece on the market, that was the Adidas trademark, has been replaced by apparel from brands like Canterbury, Under Armour and Kukri. Homoerotic super skin-tight base layers are the main culprit. Seemingly a size too small, many sportsman wear them to keep warm and in contact sports for «bosh-protection’. Stemmed from rugby league where it was used so opponents couldn’t grab on to shirts when making a tackle, base layers are becoming a «necessity» in all sports. No longer does your typical Premier League footballer embrace northern away trips to Newcastle on a winter night in just an away jersey.

European imports from Spain, Portugal, France, now must play in long sleeves, polar necks and base layers to keep warm. However some players just take it too far. In 2005 Ryan Giggs played in black tights to «protect his hamstrings» against Manchester City. This doesn’t help re-enforce that football is a man’s game but more of a «dress-up» by major brands on their own Barbie dolls, sorry, football players. However with this new generation of brands like Canterbury not having the arsenal, ahem, of clothing available to them some order has been restored.

Instead of the cliched university stereotype that if you have a Jack Will’s top, you have Canterbury tracky b’s, went to public school etc many others like footballers and hockey players alike are buying these clothes too. Whether rugby players like it or not.

By Joel Girling

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Spain’s Royal receives Valencia’s centennial jersey at Mestalla



Valencia (Spain) Jul 15 (EFE).- King Felipe VI of Spain on Monday received Valencia CF’s centennial jersey at the club’s home-stadium, Mestalla.

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World Cup Goalkeepers – Jean-Jacques Tizie

Jean-Jacques Tizié started his career as a handball goalkeeper. But he later developed interest in football and started playing for local clubs. Among the major clubs that he played for were Lazer FC, Africa Sport and Stade d’Abidjan. In 2001, he moved to Espérance in Tunisia, and has been their goalkeeper ever since.

The 1.83 meters tall Tizie, who was born in 1972, has also been keeping the goal for his country Ivory Coast. He is considered a good shot stopper but not a complete goal keeper. The two major complaints against him are: one, he is weak against crosses; and two, he starts early in penalty kicks forcing the shot to be retaken.

But overall Tizie is considered a good goalkeeper, and has been instrumental in saving several goals for his club and country. He had a particularly good African Cup of Nations in 2005. It was these performances and the ones during the qualifying matches for World Cup 206 that won him the number one goalkeeper slot.

Tizie has had several glorious moments under the bar, but he has had one freak moment too. In this accident he lost one of his testicles.

However, Tizie is not one to be easily cowed down by reputations. He considers the goal his home, and defends it dourly against the fiercest strikers of the ball.

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Cristiano Ronaldo – Read the Biography on Cristiano Ronaldo

Son of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro and José Dinis Aveiro, Cristiano Ronaldo was born on February 5, 1985 in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal to the name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro. His second name Ronaldo was given to him by his father, who was a great admirer of U.S. president Ronald Regan. The youngest of four children, Cristiano Ronaldo has three siblings; an older brother Hugo and two sisters; Elma and Liliana Cátia who works as a singer in Portugal by the stage name Ronalda.

The Portuguese footballer who plays for Barclays Premier League 2006-2007, 2007-2008 Champions and winner of the 2007-2008 Champions League; Manchester United. Wearing the number 7 shirt, he plays as a winger, a central attacker and as a second forward. His passion for football was seen as early as age three and by age six when he started primary school this passion became even more obvious. His football career started at age eight when he first played for an amateur team Andorinha, for which his father was the kit man. In 1995 at just ten years old, his reputation grew in Portugal, this saw the two top teams in Madeira, in CS Marítimo and CD Nacional showing a keen interest in signing the youngster. He signed for CD Nacional and after a title winning season; he went on a three day trial at Sporting who immediately signed him for an undisclosed sum of money.

While at Sporting the Portuguese winger trained at the club’s football factory, the Alcochete; where his skills were nurtured. Though his progression at the club was obstructed by his growth, Cristiano Ronaldo became the only player in the club’s history to represent the Under-16, Under-17, Under-18, B team and first-team all in the same season. He scored two goals on his debut for Sporting against Moreirense and featured in Portugal’s Under 17 team for the UEFA Under 17 Championships. His appearance for Portugal at these championships sparked the interest of Liverpool’s then manager Gérard Houllier at the age of 16 but Houllier refused to sign him because he was deemed too young.

However, in 2003 the winger caught the eye of Manchester United’s Alex Ferguson when Sporting beat Manchester United 3-1 in a match that marked the inauguration of the Alvalade XXI stadium in Lisbon. With the departure of David Beckham, Manchester needed a right winger and he was signed for a fee of £12.24 million, becoming the Manchester United’s first Portuguese player ever. The Portuguese winger made his first appearance for the Red Devils at Old Trafford in a 4-0 win. He scored his first goal for Manchester United in the 2004 FA Cup Final against Millwall FC, the winger also scored Manchester United’s 1000th goal in a 4-1 defeat to Middlesbrough in October 2005. At the end of the season, he had a tally of 10 goals and was voted by fans to be FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year 2005, an award he also won in 2006.

In the summer of 2006, the Portugal winger was at the center of a controversy with fellow Manchester United and England striker Wayne Rooney; when both teams met in the world cup quarter finals. The incident saw Rooney being shown a red card and the resulting elimination of England from the world cup on penalties; the last of which was taken by the winger. Despite the incident both players remained friends and in November 2006, he won the Barclays Player of the Month award again an award he also won in December 2006. He scored his 50th goal for Manchester United which proved to be the decisive goal that gave Manchester United their first Premiership title in four years against rivals Manchester City.

In April 2007, the Portuguese national signed a new five year deal worth £120,000 a week, making him the highest paid player in Manchester United’s history. Among his accolades, the Portuguese footballer won the PFA Players’ Player of the Year, the PFA Young Player of the Year awards, the PFA Fans’ Player of the Year, the Football Writers’ Association Award and 2007 Portuguese Footballer of the Year at the end of his 2006-2007 season at Old Trafford.

Cristiano Ronaldo’s 2007-2008 season for the Barclays Premier League Champions saw him exceeding George Best’s forty year old record for the most goals scored by a midfielder in a season, at 32 goals by scoring 42 goals in all competitions helping Manchester United to back to back Premiership titles and the coveted UEFA Champions League title. Ronaldo who also placed third in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards in 2007 will be looking to place first in the same awards this year as he has proven to be the best player on the planet, with this season’s stellar performances. Cristiano Ronaldo however had a very disappointing Euro 2008 campaign with Portugal, which saw him scoring only one goal for his country that was eliminated by Germany in the quarter finals. He has also been linked to a lucrative transfer deal worth approximately EUR100 million euros to La Liga giants Real Madrid.

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A Football Genius – Robert Prosinecki

If you’re a footy fan you’ve probably heard of this legendary midfielder, former member of Croatian national team. Robert Prosinecki was born in 1969. in Germany’s Schwenningen, where his parents were working. He came in Croatia at early age and started playing for Dinamo Zagreb, but coach Miroslav Blazevic dismissed him saying his (in)famous sentence: ‘If this lad becomes a real football player, I’ll eat my coaching diploma.’

I’m not sure if his diploma still remained in one piece, but Robert Prosinecki then signed for Red Star Belgrade and made his debut in young national team of Yugoslavia. In fact, in 1987. Robi or Zuti (‘the yellow one’, due to his blonde hair) came to the world’s attention at the World Youth Championship in Chile where he was named player of the tournament!

Who would thought this midfielder would become the only player in World Cup history to score for two different national teams? In Italy 1990, Prosinecki scored one goal for Yugoslavia in a group match against United Arab Emirates. As Yugoslavia fell apart soon after that, Robi became prominent member of Croatian national team. Eight years later, during FIFA World Cup finals in France he scored 2 goals, in a group match against Jamaica and in the third place match against the Netherlands. The second goal included his famous technique, that fooled opponent players completely.

Croatia won third place that year (with striker Davor Suker as Golden Boot winner), but among many Croats there’s a still regret for what might have happened if only coach Blazevic didn’t leave Robert Prosinecki on a bench during semi-final match against France, which Croatia lost 1:2.

However, the 3rd place in a World Cup will forever remain the crown of his career, but let’s not forget he also won European Cup with Red Star Belgrade in 1991., and played for Spain’s big two clubs, Real Madrid and Barcelona. In Portsmouth, where he played only in season 2001/2002., Robert is even now held as a hero and his nickname was ‘Croatian Magician’.

I met this football genius about 10 years ago, you never guess where – at the art gallery! No, he didn’t become a painter, but he opened exhibition of painting as a special guest. Calm and down-to-earth, he gave autographs afterwards and took pictures with his fans.

Robert Prosinecki ended his playing career in 2004., but his famous dribblings, passes and goals are already part of greatest moments in football history.

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